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Abstract

Vascular surgery is surgical process in which diseases of the arteries, veins and vascular system are controlled by minimally invasive catheter procedure, medical therapy and surgical restoration. It is estimates that vascular diseases are one of the major cause of hospitalisation and death in the US and prime driver of prescribed usage of drug in Canada (“Statistics-Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada”, 2016). As per the record almost 1.6million Canadians are surviving with some sorts of vascular damages and almost 400,000 people are experiencing disability due to stroke. Vascular impairment is costing the Canadian economy with more than $21 billion per year, which includes hospital costs, physicians’ services, reduced wages that in turn reduced productivity (“Statistics-Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada”, 2016). Obesity, smoking, hypertension, physical inactivity are some major stimulus that could reduce the risk of vascular damage. Rigatelli, dell′Avvocata, Magro, & Panin, (2014) stated that by adopting healthy behaviours one could avoid the risk of getting vascular diseases. This indicates a need to increase patient awareness regarding vascular diseases. Nurses play a major role in patients’ surgical management. Nurses care for their patient prior, during and after the surgery and collectively known as perioperative nursing. They are responsible for executing individual teaching program. They review specific pathology and anticipate surgical procedure. It provides the patients with a knowledge base from which patients can make therapy choice and consent accordingly for the procedure (Mudge et al., 2015). This also enables them to clarify misconceptions. Informed patient education includes discussion of pain management, identify misconceptions, which provides patients with proper information. This increases the probability of successful management of pain. Ineffective patient education may lead them towards unhealthy lifestyle and becoming dependent on narcotic agents. Nurses also enhance patients’ understanding of controlling stress, which further enable them to control the risk of vascular damage.

POPULATION – Patients who underwent vascular surgery

INTERVENTION– Health education

COMPARISON– Health education along with surgical reconstruction, medical therapies, minimally-invasive procedures versus only medical therapies

OUTCOME– Reduce the risk factors associated with vascular damage

How important health education is for the patients underwent vascular surgery?

In healthcare setup, application of PICO framework is highly significant as it supports evidence-based practice and enable medical professionals to develop an answerable healthcare or clinical question (Robinson, Saldanha, & Mckoy, 2011). The process includes extensive literature search, thereby, analysis of secondary data. The data are gathered from authentic databases, such as: Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed. Relevant research terms would be: vascular surgery, patient education, nursing management, vascular surgery and patient education, vascular surgery and medical therapy.

The Nature of Qualitative Research

Various explanations exist to provide the readers with an understanding of the nature of qualitative research. Butina, Campbell, & Miller, (2015) stated that qualitative research involves the process how researchers evaluate their experiences, construct words and the meaning attributable to their experiences. It provides major focus on considering individuals’ experiences along with the aim to convert experiences into meaning. Data collection and analysis are carried out solely by the researchers. The research approach is always inductive and deductive approach is not suitable for this research. The research involves highly descriptive analysis. Sometimes the research study design used are flexible and multiple data are collected from natural setting and selection of sample is usually small and purposeful (Quick & Hall, 2015). These are the basic features of qualitative research. Research presentation is a written format is a crucial factor. This is because there is no standard format and it alters based on institutional requirements, nature of the study and so on. However, it is generally observed that findings from the qualitative researches are written in a narrative style and thematic order. For instance: if the research question aims to find the benefits of involving surgical care practitioner (SCP) in a vascular surgery team, then a theme could be developed as: develops patients’ experiences, followed by a narrative analysis, for example: the study findings demonstrate that inclusion of SCP in a vascular surgical team increased patients’ experience. According to the study participants, SCPs have positive influence on patients’ experience. In certain cases, researchers also prefer to use excerpts to carry out narrative analysis.

McCusker & Gunaydin, (2014) in this regard have mentioned that qualitative research is a way of social enquiry, which concentrates mainly on how individuals express their experiences, explains and interpret about their surroundings. Traditionally, such approach was used in sociological and anthropological studies to understand about the social and cultural settings, however, it is gradually adopted by the healthcare professionals in order to understand behaviour of the target population (patients, families, care professionals and other relevant care associates), their perspective and experiences. Considering a surgical setup, it could be mentioned that qualitative research allows perioperative nurses to assess healthcare setup where they work with the help of the experience of the colleagues and their patients. Some methods allows the nurses or the healthcare researchers to reveal own experiences along with their colleagues and patients. Researchers who are unaware of such setup may miss relevant issues with the aims to increase the understanding of the targeted research topic. Huang, OConnor, Ke, & Lee, (2014) opined that qualitative research in healthcare setup enables the researchers to identify the core issues of the patients also the practitioners who are providing care to the patents. It also enable them to recognise the barriers that need an alteration and also to support other already existing, present or future research. Qualitative research aims to answer the research questions about how, why, what phenomenon and not how much or how many. The qualitative research helps in analysing the expressions, experiences, thoughts, feelings of the target populations thus provide a clear picture of certain issues, which is a major advantage of this research, whereas, it fails to answer any objective or present any numeric data and also time consuming process and thus have certain disadvantages.

The Appropriateness of Using Qualitative Research Methods

Qualitative research methods are appropriate when a research study considers secondary data gathered from existing literature sources (journals, articles, reports, observations) and primary data in the form of interview that includes open-ended questions. For instance, in a vascular surgery unit, if the researchers aim to analyse how the patients feel about their care service delivery, like receiving proper responses from the care professionals, it is beneficial to enquire open-ended questions. In such cases, asking the respondents close-ended questions would not generate adequate responses. This is because close-ended questions like ‘are you satisfied with the care service’ would not make the researchers understand about the feelings and experiences of the respondents. This indicates that application of qualitative research methods are appropriate for descriptive research studies which includes exploring and understanding. The research designs that are generally considered are phenomenology, narrative, ethnography, case studies and grounded theory (Ingham-Broomfield, 2016). It requires personal involvement of the researchers to collect data and sample size are generally small, non-random and purposeful. Studies that require constant comparative analysis, support inclusion of qualitative research methods and thus involve inductive mode of analysis. Probst, (2015) mentioned that it is quite impossible to establish a link between the wider populations and results of small qualitative studies. However, Fleming, Bradley, Cullinan, & Byrne, (2015) stated that the probabilities need not to be eliminated. Though the feelings of the research participants are specific to a social setting, transferability could possible as the readers may apply the qualitative research findings to their own situations and experiences. These strategies increase the consistency of the qualitative research.

Selection of Two Qualitative Methods Along with Their Compare And Contrast

Qualitative research methods include phenomenology study, grounded theory, ethnography study, focus group interview, case study and semi-structured interviews.

Phenomenology

It is said to be the perception of human experiences and one of the most important approach in qualitative research. It illustrates general meaning of various real-life experiences of the individuals based on a phenomenon or a concept. Thereby, it focuses on the cohesion among the study participants of same experiences. Bergdahl & Berterö, (2014) stated that in phenomenological study researchers strive to explore the way participants describe, perceive, recall, make sense and feel about the experiences they share. The phenomenon includes relationship, culture or emotions. The major purpose is to understand and illustrate the essence of a phenomena to completely understand the diverse nature of the experiences. Data is generally gathered in the form of multiple interviews, who have undergone same phenomenon. It also requires explanation of individual’s experience and the way they experience it. However, certain challenges of this method are biasness of researchers and finding appropriate participants, who shared the same experiences.

Case study

Hernández-Hernández & Sancho-Gil, (2015) stated that case study research involves cases explorations of within real-life context or present setting. It aims to illustrate the case in detail, holistically, considering the situation. This method is preferred especially when why and how questions are present. In such situations, the researchers have no control or little control on participants’ behaviour and sole focus on the study. Case study research is time bounded and involves purposive sampling. The data collection is performed via interviews, field notes, reviewing documents. The data analysis process involves coding which enable to develop categories and themes. These findings are authenticated by description of data, external assessment and awareness regarding the biasness of the researchers.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, it could be concluded that the paper has suitably provided where, why and when qualitative research suitably fit. It enables the readers to become familiar with various types of qualitative research and the way they are utilised in the research study.

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