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Executive Summary

The research purposes to study and analyse the differences in gender education and its impact on the life time income earned by two genders. It is commonly agreed that there has been disparity in education level of the two genders; however, the relationship between the gender education and life time income of the genders is questionable as investigated in this question. The literature review in this proposal form the background for the research on the same research title and also highlights the research gaps. The research gaps include limited research on the business persons in the given context and incorporation of life time income against the monthly income. The third research gap pertains to the fact that there is limited academic literature on gender education and their respective lifetime income. These research gaps highlight that there is a need for research in the highlighted area.

Table of Content

• Introduction
• Project Objective
• Project Scope
• Literature Review
  • The Importance of Education
  • The Variation in Education between the Genders and its Impacts
  • The correlation between the Education and Earning Potential for Salaries Persons
  • The relationship between Gender Education and Life Time Income
  • Research Gaps
• Conclusion
• Reference list
• Appendices

Introduction

The research purposes to study the differences in gender education and its impact on the life time income earned by two genders. It is commonly agreed that there has been disparity in education level of the two genders; however, the relationship between the gender education and life time income of the genders is questionable as investigated in this question. The purpose of this research proposal is to form the background for the investigation of the research question. The proposal begins with the project objectives followed by the project scope, where the application of project alongside its importance are analysed. Later, the literature review covers numerous aspects important for the research background and understanding of the researcher and readers. Lastly, a brief conclusion is provided to conclude the proposal.

Project Objective

The research purposes to study and analyse the differences in gender education and its impact on the life time income earned by two genders. The research objectives that are to be achieved by the course of research are as follows:

• To study why the education is important in the modern era.
• To analyse the variation in education between the two genders.
• To evaluate the correlation between the education and earning potential
• To analyse the relationship between gender education and life time income.

These are the specific research objective that the research purposes to achieve by the course of research.

Project Scope

The project scope is based on numerous directions; firstly, the project scope can be defined in the light of its application. The project is focused at regulatory authorities and NGOs operating in education sector as it aims to provide them with the fact that earning of two genders is different due to education and it is causing numerous problems for the female population. Secondly, the project scope also covers its application in the view of academic literature as the research purposes to fill the two research gaps as discussed at the end of literature review. The project scope is not limited by the geography or to any particular demography but the research findings will be applicable to population as a whole.

Literature Review

The major portion of this project is the literature review; it purposes to form the background for the research. Numerous aspects pertaining to gender education and their lifetime income are discussed in the light of existing researches available on the issue below:

The importance of Education

As prescribed by Quinn and Rubb(2005), the education is among the basic rights of the individuals regardless of the social position, gender, age and ethnic origin. It is generally agreed that the education is important for numerous reasons including the fact that it increases the earning potential of the individuals. Michels et al. (2008) conducted a research to relate the income of salaried persons with respect to their education. Based on primary research conducted, it was found that there is a clear divergence in income with respect to education level of individuals. Further, it is clarified that the individuals who have attained higher education hold higher positions at offices and their salaries are also found higher accordingly. It is further concluded that the higher salaries are due to the technical and managerial skills carried by the educated people as compared to non-educated. It is the presence of skills that helps them earn more as compared to the education itself.

Another study conducted by Lynch et al. (2000) also followed quantitative methods to conduct their study and came up with diverging results as it is found that education is not criteria to judge the income. It is stated based on the fact that there are numerous officers with same degrees but earning differently suggesting that it is the skill set that matters besides the academic degree. Furthermore, another reason behind the divergence in income despite similar degrees is the experience of the individuals as the more experienced individuals definitely earn more as compared to those with lesser experience. It is further explained that in some cases the individuals without a professional degree earn more than those who hold degrees because of their experience and skill set that has been acquired through experience. According to Gregorio and Lee (2002), the education matters when there is a comparison made between the salaried persons as it is found that many business persons who do not even hold a graduate degree earn more than the qualified business persons. It suggests that the correlation between education and income exists when it comes to salaried individuals; however, the correlation may not be sufficient in the case of business persons (Arthur, Hisrich and Cabrera, 2012).

As explained byArthur, Hisrich and Cabrera (2012), the education is not only important in the context of earning potential and income of the individuals. However, the education plays an important role in shaping the individuals’ personality and skill set which helps them grow and outperform others in the long-run. The increase in income due to education is overemphasised due to the fact that it is apparent to the common people in the short-run. It highlights that there is a need to conduct a research which highlights the relationship between education and life time income in general while considering both the salaries and non-salaried individuals. It is also highlighted that the education is important for self-building besides the increase in earning potential of the individual.

The variation in Education between the Genders and its impacts

As prescribed by Lynch et al. (2000), the level of education has varied based on genders due to different reasons. It is found that the ratio of educated male to educated female is higher despite the increase in female education in the recent years. There is higher divergence in education between the two genders especially when it comes to the developing countries. It is further illustrated that the female education is comparatively common in the developed countries. In the view of Quinn and Rubb (2005), there are numerous reasons behind the variation in education between the genders as observed around the globe. Firstly, the mind set of individuals (family members) plays a significant role in determining whether the females should be educated or otherwise. In the developing economies, the families’ especially male counterparts believe that the role of females is to handle household affairs rather than to study and become professionals. The World Bank and other institutions are working on female education especially in the developing countries but they have not been as successful as desired.

A research conducted by Marenya et al. (2003) on gender disparity across different countries concluded that the females are oppressed with reference to their education and it is not limited to the developing countries.  The literacy rate of females is lower in developed countries as well and it is mostly due to the social problems. It is further concluded that gender disparity is not limited to education but also includes numerous other factors such as their rights and duties. This is why the feminist movements have been expedited across the world in the modern era. These movements are aimed at bringing the women equal to the level of men in the societal perspective. It must be noted that gender disparity and variation in education based on the gender are highly likely to be declined. The discussion suggests that the level of education varies across the globe as highlighted by past researches and it is particularly significant in the developing countries. Some of the reasons behind the higher disparity in developing countries are also discussed above. It must be noted that the variation in education has different social impacts on the females as discussed below.

Due to the lower level of education attained, women are not able to raise their voice against social issues faced by them. It is generally agreed that women face multiple issues in their personal and social life including many critical issues such as sexual abuse but they are not able to raise their voice as they fear and it is mainly due to the lack of education and confidence Ganong andShoag(2017). Moreover, due to the lower level of education, women also earn lesser than their male counterparts. In the case of USA, women earned $758 per week as compared to men’s $927, which is almost 20% lower for female. Similar trend is observed in both developed and developing countries around the globe. The difference is even higher when it comes to the developing countries including the China. The discussion indicates that variation in the education has affected the females in different aspects in both the developed and developing countries.

The correlation between the Education and Earning Potential for Salaries Persons

The level of education and earning potential are often compared and correlated in the modern era but the literature suggests a debatable relationship between the two. As found from the discussion earlier, the relationship exists in the case of salaried individuals; however, it does not exist in the case of business persons. Therefore, this section discusses the correlation between the education and earning potential for salaries persons. Gregorio and Lee (2002) conducted a thorough research to analyse the relationship between the education and earning potential and they found that a strong correlation exists between the two especially in the developed countries. The findings are justified by the statement that the education is irreplaceable and any other factor such as experience cannot overshadow the skills acquired by education.

In support to the findings discussed above, Dahl (1994) also conducted a research in multiple nations and found that on a common note, the people having higher educational qualification are earning more. It is further stated that there is a positive correlation between the education level and earning potential for salaries individuals. It is due to the fact that quality education helps the individuals acquire both the technical and soft skills that are useful for performing different jobs. However, a research conducted by Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004) contrasts the findings of the researches discussed above. As a result of their quantitative research, they reached the findings that there is no significant correlation between the education and earning potential of the salaries persons. It must be noted that this research was based on the data from developing countries and it is a possible reason behind diversion in results obtained. It is further noted that there is a higher value of education in developed countries as compared to developing countries and it is a reason behind the divergence in the results of researches conducted in developed countries to those conducted in developing countries.

The Relationship between Gender Education and Life Time Income

In the given context, the definition of life time income is highly desired; the term in the context refers to the income of individuals over their life. The life time income is considered as a variable instead of simply income or monthly earning given the fact that the life time income incorporates the long-term impact of the education on the income (Reardon, 2013). In the view of Temple (2015), the differences in education on the basis of gender have caused sufficient changes in the life time income of those genders as well. Due to the lack of education, many females are not able to earn a penny throughout their life and others which struggle to acquire education earn lesser than the men due to their additional physical skills and continuous involvement in education and learning process. Berger and McLanahan (2015) conducted a research and came up with findings that support those of the research discussed above. It is found that the females have been able to earn lesser due to the absence of education for them in some countries. This has made the female dependent on their male counterparts and their rights have been oppressed in this manner. Therefore, the education must be provided to women in order to keep them at par with their counterparts.

Berger and McLanahan (2015) also stated that there is a direct correlation between the education and life time income. People with higher education regardless of their gender have ability to earn more throughout their lives. Even if an educated person earns less initially, he has the potential to earn more in future depicting and utilising his skills acquired through education. Carnevale, Rose and Cheah (2013) also conducted a research on the basis of findings that college degree contributes to an individual’s earnings as illustrated in the appendix section of this proposal. Therefore, the research focused on the analysis of other factors especially demographic factors that increase the value of same college degree for some individuals as compared to the others. They found that the demographic factors play a significant role in the determination of lifetime earnings; besides education, the age and gender of the individual must match with the degree in order to maximise the earnings. Further, it is concluded that the college degree has a significant impact on life time income of the different genders and age groups.

Brunello, Weber and Weiss (2012) conducted a research to analyse the difference in lifetime income on the basis of education background of the individuals. They compared the individuals on the basis of spending of their childhood in rural or urban areas. Secondly, they also divided the individuals on the basis of access to books at the age of ten; they were grouped as individuals who had enough access and individuals who had insufficient access. They found that the individuals belonging to rural areas suffered from lack of availability of books and individuals from urban background benefited maximum from the education. Their findings clearly highlighted the importance of access to books at early age and recommend the parents to emphasise on their children’s education regardless of their genders. They also concluded that the individuals who had similar access to books benefited equally; there was no significant difference between males and females in this regard. Some important results of the research by Brunello, Weber and Weiss are illustrated in appendices, which clearly support the findings discussed above. Therefore, the discussion suggests that there has been a gender inequality with respect to provision of education and this has led to problems for females as highlighted in the modern era.

Research Gaps

The research gaps analysis based on the literature review is highly important knowing that it helps the readers and researchers understand the significance of the research. First research gap is that there has been very little research that has focused on both the salaried and business individuals while comparing the gender education with the income; most of the present research revolves around the salaried individuals. Second research gap is that the research proposed revolves around life time income against the earning potential or salary used by the majority of researchers. However, this research considers life time income in order to incorporate the long-term impact of gender education and its impact on life of different genders as a whole. The two research gaps highlighted suggest that there is a lot of importance of the proposed research in the academic arena. Another research gap that very few researchers have focused on studying the education differences and the salaries or life time incomes of two genders. There has been an indirect focus on the issue but this research will fulfil the gap by studying the relationship directly.

Overall, the literature review has been helpful in highlighting different aspects necessary to study the relationship between the gender education and life time income.

Conclusion

The research purposes to study the differences in gender education and its impact on the life time income earned by two genders. The discussion in the literature review highlights that there is a need to conduct a research which highlights the relationship between education and life time income in general while considering both the salaries and non-salaried individuals. It is also highlighted that the education is important for self-building besides the increase in earning potential of the individuals. It is further noted from the research in form of literature review that there is a higher value of education in developed countries as compared to developing countries. The literature review also finds three research gaps which include limited research on the business persons in the given context and incorporation of life time income against the monthly income. The third research gap pertains to the fact that there is limited academic literature on gender education and their respective lifetime income. The discussion helps us understand that there is a wide room available for the research in the highlighted area.

7. Appendices

1- Median Lifetime Earnings in 2009 as per Education

(Source: Carnevale, Rose and Cheah, 2013).

2 – Percentage of people in a particular education level earning more than those at a higher education level

3 – Proportion of individuals living in rural area, by country and number of books (in percentage)

(Source: Brunello, Weber and Weiss, 2012).

4 – OLS Regressions

(Source: Brunello, Weber and Weiss, 2012).

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