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Contents

• Solution 1
• Solution 2
• Solution 3
• Solution 4
• Solution 5
• Solution 6
• Solution 7
• References

Solution 1

Define Legislation and Regulation?

A directive proposed by a legislative body such as Government, Standardizing organizations, etc. is known as Legislation. It is proposed for the welfare of the workers and to prevent the harm of any possible accidents. Regulations are specific requirements within the legislation (Brudney, 2015).

The legislation is generally broader and covers generally without being specific. Whereas the regulation is specific and provides enough details on how the law to be enforced. It is mandatory for any stream to follow and work on a basis of rules and regulations put forward by the government and standardizing organizations.

Safety Measures to be carried out by an Electrician working on site:

1. The first and foremost is the safety Insulated Gloves: Almost each and every task that an electrician does involve touching the wires in which live current is passing on if they accidentally come into contact then the consequences will be worst. So it is must for an electrician to have insulated safety gloves worn.
2. Eye Safety Glasses: Eyes are the most delicate organ of a human body so they must be taken proper care in any task that a person might be involved in. If the vision is not clear then there are many chances of accidents in a working place even small debris can pave a way to a vital accident so that it is mandatory to wear an eye safety glasses it also protects from the spark generated from a short circuit of wires.
3. Dielectric Shoes: It is very important to wear a dielectric shoe as much as wearing insulated gloves as the live current may pass through the path if it is accidentally stepped on it. So that it is much important to buy an electricity resisting shoes and mattings.
4. Electricity Insulated Tools: It is very much important to buy and use only insulated hand tools such as screwdrivers, cutting plyers, etc. can be insulated with wood or any other Insulators. It is always wise to use insulated hand tools when working with electricity (Unnikrishnan, et.al, 2015).

Safety Measures to be carried out by a Mechanical Engineer working in the Aerospace industry dealing with manufacturing, operating and maintaining aircraft:

1. Safety shoes and helmets: In order to be safer in the workplace, following all the rules and regulations put forth by the company is a must, everyone must wear their safety equipment properly without any hesitations. Safety shoes are facilitated with metal to cover the upper path of the foot in case of any accidents so they are just as in a manufacturing house lot of machine elements are being transported in a daily basis.
2. Keeping a checklist while performing maintenance on the aircraft: It is necessary to keep a checklist and check if all the parts such as engine, flaps, wings, fuel, etc. are checked properly before the flight or not. So that heavy loss due to accidents can be prevented.
3. Health check before piloting a plane: The pilot must be check for his health factors such as Blood pressure level, physical fitness, etc. before accepting to pilot an operation. So that heavy loss of human lives can be prevented. This term can be technically coined as Pilot fatigue.
4. Investigating the Previous Accident cases and training the pilots on the basis of failures occurred previously: It is must to do a case study and to teach the safety measures which might be done in case of emergency to neglect or lower the impact (Unnikrishnan, et.al, 2015).

Solution 2:

Roles and Responsibilities of the employees and others involved at a Road construction worksite:

• It is must to follow the Rules and procedures strictly while working in construction sites.
• It is the responsibility of each and every individual working on the site to report about any safety and health risks they might have found out in the workplace to their higher officials. Irrelevant of their personal loss in that particular issue.
• Cooperating with other colleagues such as the work contractor, co-workers, etc.
• It is important that one must not carry out the works that they did not have relevant skills, knowledge or experience with. It might cause potential damage to everyone at the constructional site.
• It is important to keep a signboard ahead of the work site to divert the vehicle from its path (Jiang and Liu, 2015).

Management of health and safety system involved at the Road construction workplace:

• Making sure that all the workers and Engineers are provided with safety equipment such as Eyeglasses, face masks, helmet, gloves, etc. This equipment is mandatory to be allowed inside a construction site.

Fig1. The image illustrates the safety equipment to be used while working on a construction site.

• Placing proper sign boards and rule lists on the side walls, so that they can be read by the workers and spectators.

Fig2. The image illustrates the safety measures to be taken posts and signs while working in a construction site.

• Extracting only safe limit of work from the workers, and not to assign too much work to the employees so that they might not get fatigue.
• Frequent health check camps to be conducted and awareness programs to be conducted regarding the safety and health hazards in the workplace.

Fig3. The image illustrates the Health check in the construction site for the employees.

Solution 3:

(a) To spot any five Hazards in each case given below:

Case 1

In this image, we can see that the scene is a small house in which various things such as cycle, ball, iron box, electric machines, wires, etc. are laid out. Some of the health hazards that must be taken care of in this scenario are:

1. The Iron box is being plugged into the power source this will surely be vital damage to the personals inside the room if left unattended. This even might cause a fire accident if the cloth or any other inflammable material might get into contact with the box surface.
2. The Bread toaster wire is being dumped into the Washing sink, in which there is a lot of stagnated water. If this was left unattended might end up an electric shock to someone who touches the water.
3. Microwave oven wire:The wire of the microwave oven is allowed to run near the gas stove which if come into contact with fire mightcause a short circuit and pave a way to fire accident.
4. Towel Stuck between the Cup and saucer: A piece of the towel is stuck between the cup and the saucer which If pulled might cause the fluid inside the cup to be spilt which might be too hot and cause severe burns.
5. Food is overcooked: The food cooking on the stove is being overcooked and the contents inside the container start to flow out, which might result in severe accidents.

Case 2:

In this image, we can see a set of people working on a site where various operations such as transporting the materials, maintenance, shifting works, etc. carried out. Let us find at least five hazards that are present in the above case.

1. Lifting unarranged pipes: The pipes must be well arranged enough before transporting them so that they will not lose balance and fell down.: The pipes must be well arranged enough before transporting them so that they will not lose balance and fell down.
2. A worker standing on uneven boxes: On the top right corner we can see that a worker is standing on two boxes which are uneven there are high chances that these boxes might fall down due to imbalance and cause severe tragedy.
3. Overloaded Cart running straight onto the lifted pipes: We can see that the lifting cart is being over packed as a result the driver cannot able to see the things happening in the front and he is moving forward towards the suspended pipes.
4. A ladder is being placed on a current carrying wire: we can see that there is a man on the ladder and one leg of a ladder is placed on a wooden piece and other leg got trapped on a wire, which might cause an imbalance on the ladder or cut the wire which might result in electric shock.
5. Worker transporting wooden piece and another worker lifting a wooden box without noticing him coming: The worker carrying the wooden piece might run into the second worker who is lifting the wooden box and he might be heavily injured.

(b) Non-Trivial hazards and their control:

In case 1 the non-trivial hazards are:

Ball inside the living room which can be prevented if it is not played inside the room.

The Water heater: It also does not cause much damage to the room it must be turned off as soon as it is used.

The Clock placed near the chimney: Which will also do not cause much damage and yet there are chances of the clock glass to break due to the heat coming from the chimney.

In case 2:

The tools placed on the wooden table, which must be placed at lower heights and to be handled properly.

Two employees quarrelling. Whom shall disturb the others if they continue quarrel like this.

Milk bottle placed open at the surface, which must be kept closed and at some certain safe place.

Solution 4:

Figure3. Illustrates a setup of a hairdressing salon

In the case of shops like hair spa, there are many critical and sharp items being utilized which might even end up in a fatal loss if not handled properly or left unnoticed for a period of time. It is necessary to carry out a risk assessment producer for each and every hairdressing shop and to allocate exact space for particular items so that possible accidents may be neglected (Fletemeyer, 2018).

Even if a simple knife/scissor left unnoticed it might create a huge accident. In hair spa, not only sharp items being utilized but also electrical and electronic equipment are being utilized such as hair trimmers, hair dryers, heaters, etc.

Let us carry out a risk assessment for hairdressing saloon:

Company Name – Hairdressing Saloon
What are the hazards?	Who might be harmed and how?	Positive things observed	What further action is necessary?	Action was taken by who?
Previously used blade/ non sterilized blades.	End customer might get various diseases of the first person on whom the blade was used.	In general, the blades are not used the second time they are usually thrown away once used.	The customer should make sure that the blades are sterile and new.	Customer and the stylist.
Broken chairs	A broken chair might cause imbalance and the customer may be tipped from the seat if the same thing happened at a critical time like shaving then there might be fatal damage	In general, all the saloons are reported to use high-quality chairs	The customer should ensure that the chair is sturdy and strong.	The manufacturer, employee and the customer.
Chemical accident	In general spa and saloon deals with various chemicals, it is must they are kept in a safe place so that any accidents shall be prevented.	All the chemicals are packed and placed in safe places.	Chemical packing industries should take care of the health hazards related to this.	The manufacturer and the employee.
Improper labelling.	Improper labelling of chemicals lead to misusage of drug which causes various problems related to skin and hair.	The chemicals are generally ladled by the manufacturer itself.	The customer should ask what and why this is being applied to their skin.	The manufacturer, customer and the employee.

Control Measures:

In general, it is always must to use sterilized blades and knives. A sterilizing machine can also be implemented in each and every spa and saloon.

Figure 5. Illustrates a steriliser machine

The equipment such as comb, chair, knife, etc. used is to be bought out from a standard seller and should be checked for quality.

The chemicals used must be from a good brand and should be verified personally by the stylist.

The chemical industries must make the product as per the rules strictly.

Solution 5:

Principles behind the Reporting of accidents, incidents and near misses:

An accident is an unpleasant and unplanned event which might cause heavy injury to people, machines and the environment. The workers are the one who gets more affected by an accident as they are the ones who is always present n the workspace more than the engineers and the visitors.

The incident, cause or viable cause of an accident can be reported from the end of self-employed, employees or anyone who feels responsible for certain occurrences or fear the occurrence. There are certain regulations to report the accidents known as RIDDOR which is an abbreviation of Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences. It is a regulation to report incidents laid out by the government of the United Kingdom which is amended in the year 2013 (Chen, et.al, 2017).

The RIDDOR is introduced by Paul Beresford from the Department of Environment. The certain principles to report the incidences to RIDDOR are specified here as:

• Events such as work-related accidents which had caused certain deaths, injuries, diseases, and various dangerous effects must be reported to the relevant HSE officer only.
• Not only the injury and death to human also the property losses should also be reported to the HSE (Health and Safety Executive) officer.
• A detailed report must be laid to the RIDDOR from the responsible person.
• The provided detailed report will be useful for the officers to investigate the case further such as the root cause of the accident, accurate damage, what could have been done to prevent the accident, etc.

Solution 6:

Procedure to Reporting accident, incidents near misses in Hairdressing saloon:

In a hairdressing salon, the accidents and incidents can be maintained in specific records. Hairdressing saloon must have a CCTV camera to record the incidents that might occur. A supervisor should be appointed to make a note of what is happening in the saloon. Every time an accident occurs in the saloon the supervisor should report the accident to the higher authorities and make sure it doesn’t happen again.  Phone lines should be maintained properly so that the supervisor might report through phone calls. Weekly reports on what work is being carried out and the incidents that have occurred within the week should be noted.

Immediate action should be taken by the supervisors in order to prevent future accidents. The supervisors should be trustworthy and must not be partial to anyone. The owners or the higher authorities should make sudden appearances to the saloon to check up on the employees. Reports should be properly maintained and the barbers who were involved in the accidents should be penalized. Hidden cameras should be installed to keep an eye on the supervisors. In-time and Out-time of the employees should be separately maintained.

Customer feedbacks should be taken and employees should be evaluated based on those feedbacks. Bonus and incentives should be given to the best employee while those involved in near misses and accidents should be penalized. After every haircut, shave or a facial the customer should give feedback about the barber to the supervisor. The supervisor should report the same to the owner or the higher authorities. The barbers should keep in mind the action that would be taken on committing a mistake. The barbers should be aware of whom the customer is and set up his tone according to the person. Complaints should be made aware to the owners or the higher authorities. Every time an accident occurs in the saloon the supervisor should report the accident to the higher authorities and make sure it doesn’t happen again. Reports should be properly maintained and the barbers who were involved in the accidents should be penalized.

Solution 7:

In the given scenario an employee, unfortunately, fell over and fractures his arm and back while working at the floor, the actual cost of the acct such as direct and indirect costs and losses are to be discussed:

Due to the injury, the employee might not be able to return to work for a period of about two months that might lead to a loss of pay. Apart from that, the employee would have to meet his medical expenses. The cost incurred to cure a complete fracture is around ten thousand rupees and if the bone has to be replaced then the cost might rise to fifty thousand rupees. Initially, the employee would have taken an MRI scan before getting operated. An MRI scan might cost about INR 2500 (two thousand five hundred rupees).

The employee also suffered a back injury. The back injury is to be treated by proper means. If the injury was serious the employee won’t be able to return to work for a minimum period of five months. In a retail store, most employees are not benefited from medical insurance. So the employee might have to pay the medical expenses from his own pocket.  The employee might have to go for a hip replacement which might cost him around rupees eighty thousand (INR 80,000).

 The duration for the complete recovery of the employee might take around a year approximately. In a retail shop, the maximum number of days an employee can be on medical leave is about a week. On seeing the condition of the employee it is quite assumable that he won’t be able to return to the shop within a year. There is a chance that he might lose his job as an employee in the retail shop. Apart from these expenses the loss incurred to the shop as a result of dropping the two boxes might also be extracted from the employees pay. Therefore the total cost of the accident on an approximation might be around rupees one lakh (INR 1 Lakhs) taking into account the cost of the boxes and cost spent for treatment.

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