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Introduction:

Here we are making a detail report on the construction of a bridge. All the construction parameters of that particular bridge is taken into consideration for the detail discussion on this topic and also the calculations are done in very detail so that we can assume a safe loading for this bridge. For this consideration we have taken the Wadi Abdoun Bridge situated in Jordan. The bridge is almost about 390 m long and 26.36 m wide in horizontal direction with an ‘S’ shaped road way. The footings of the bridge are having a ‘Y’ shaped element as we can see in the image attached below. The horizontal decks of the bridge are supported with the help of inclined stay. There is a beam on the footing on which the deck is supported. Here in this report we need to calculate the stresses of the multiple supported beams and the safe loading of the footing of the bridge also. The main motive is to make a possible selection of the material for the bridge so that it can sustain several loadings on it, and considering those materials we have performed all the calculations on it. Along with the mathematical calculation of the bridge structure we have also designed it using some software tools and applied the loads on it considering all the dead loading, live loading as well as wind loading to check whether it can sustain all this loads or not.

Aim and Objective:

The basic aim of this experiment is to find out the general terms related to the construction of a bridge. With the help of this report we will get to know the basic requirements of the mathematical calculations related to a bridge. For various structural materials like structural steel and reinforced concrete we have found out the load carrying capacity. Therefore, we can say all the relative parameters for the construction of a bridge are very important and we can get a huge knowledge from this kind of report.  Along with this, we have performed some design technique, material implementation and structural load analysis so this kind of knowledge is also a necessary parameter for such kind of projects. To be accustomed with all this thing it is very important to perform such kind of projects and assignments for own betterment and knowledge enhancement.

Methodology:

The methodology of the report describes the detail discussion of this bridge and mainly the procedures to perform this structural analysis in terms of loading, stress and strain and also the deflection measurement of this bridge for different design aspects. For mathematical calculation of various parts of the bridge we have to take the details by selecting our materials and after getting all those values we have performed all the mathematical calculation on it. When we have done with our manual mathematical calculation then we have performed a general design methodology with the help of CATIA V5 R20 and applied material as we have selected our material with our own intention. After the material selection carried out, we have applied all the loads on the bridge initially calculated in the manual calculation section. The objective of such kind of virtual simulation is to have a look on the structure on digital format and to visualize the bending of the horizontal structure, the deformation in terms of translational displacement of the structural parts of the bridge. The stresses are also can be found out from the finite element analysis of the bridge.

These are the methodologies of the constructional parameter evaluation of this particular bridge showed in this report.

Material Selection for Different Components:

One of the most important thing is to be consider at the time of design a bridge is its materials. So, in this part of this report we discussed the various aspects of material selection on the particular structure we have taken for analysis. The bridge on which we are studying the basic parts or components are Footing and the Pylons, bridge deck, stay strings for holding the deck on the pylons. For the selection of the materials for a bridge the main things are to be taken into consideration are economy, availability, life span and strength. The material is in our selection is the pre-fabricated concrete block with proper shape for the pylons which can be stacked together with the proper order to get the proper shape of the pylon. The reason behind selecting this material is due to its easy availability and the life span. Instead of concrete we can also select steel fabricated pylons but the reason not to select steel part is due to its life span. Since, the bridge is a complete outdoor unit so it will be in exposure of natural calamities like rain, moisture and all. For different condition the life span can be decreased for oxidation. For the deck of the bridge we also selected an easy available variety of precast concrete deck which have the most load carrying capacity compared to any other material in a low cost construction. Since the walking area of the bridge is also attached with the deck upper portion therefore it is nothing but only the extended cantilevered part of the deck. For handrails we have used structural steel having rectangular hollow section in its cross section for its easy joint and welding capability compared round section tubes.

Manual Calculation:

The manual calculation part of this report is the most important part for designing a bridge in terms of its performance measuring and stability check. The matters we need to consider here for this calculations s are dead load of the bridge, live loading of the bridge and in some cases we need to consider wind loading also. For a very complex analysis some time may use the concept of seismic loads also caused by earthquake. For general beam calculation for this particular bridge we have taken the loads with it excluding its wind loads because of a simple calculation. The wind loading is also calculated for an individual parameter for this analysis.

Since, the requirement is only about the beam loading so the loadings on the stay cables are not taken for consideration here. Only the beam is the deck of the bridge is calculated on various aspects.

For a preliminary assumption here the total concrete deck is assumed to be continuous and the loadings are taken as the dead load and the live load.

Dead load is the self-weight of the deck of the bridge and the live load is the continuous transport or the traffic loading on the bridge.

For simplicity we have factorized the bridge into some segments to get a proper result and the result can be followed for the entire bridge.

The loading on the vertically downward direction on the deck is the main loading on the bridge responsible for most bending and stresses on the beams.

The hogging moment is the moment found on the deck due to its particular cross-sectional area. And with the help of the maximum moment we can find out the maximum stress in the deck structure of the bridge.

Since, it is a horizontal beam so a vertical downward load makes a bending on this deck. This bending in terms of deflection makes a stress on the beam (Deck). We can observe a concave part on the upper side and a convex part on the downward direction of the deck. So, we can say the upper part is in compression and the lower part is in tension. For both the upper and lower surface we have calculated the stress.

Tension of the permanent stay cable is being calculated here for the entire bridge to check the stress on them,

The maximum tension on each cable-stay is 14460 kN, this can make a large amount of compression on the deck.

Analysis:

For this report in the analysis section we have designed the structure of the bridge for a single part of it. The single part consists of two pylons and the deck as a beam between the simply supported footings. For finding out the von-mises stress and the translational displacement it is the best technique. Here we used CATIA V5R20 software for the design and virtual simulation. For finite element analysis method to find out the required parameters we have applied all the boundary conditions and applied the load calculated on the manual calculation part as a unit of kN/m² and simulated with the selection of pre-fabricated reinforced concrete cast. The following results are shown below in this part of the report.

The analysis report shows the basic properties of the bridge with the help of material selection somewhere the material is uses as concrete and in the lower portion of the bridge into the concrete we have inserted a structural steel I section beam which allows the loading more than that of the normal concrete structure.

 

Fig: Translational displacement.

Conclusion:

In this report we have done with the all requirements of the project. The basic calculations are also carried out by considering the design parameters like shape, material and the loading conditions for all aspects. Stress and the tension are calculated for the strings also. For the deck of the bridge it is taken as a simply supported beam at its both ends. Also the beam is supported with the stay strings from the pylons of the bridge. Along with the manual mathematical calculation we have also find out the von mises stress and the translational displacement for the deck/ beam also. The reason behind the software analysis is to find out the actual translational displacement. We can assume the same thing for the entire bridge also. On each part of the bridge we can conclude a same kind of stress and the same deflection.

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