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Introduction

In the internet there is requirement to transfer traffic form one network to another network. To perform theses, take networking device switch can’t use. So, for the inter-network communication, interne networking device router will be used. Router is able to provide communication between two networks but to do that there is requirement to configure routing in the router.

There are three type of routing static routing, default routing and dynamic routing. In this report all the routing type will be discussed including configuration and comparison between them.

Static Routing

In each routing process there will be a source network address and destination address. To send the traffic from one network to another network, there will be an intermediate IP address of the routing device, based on that routing of packet will be perform.

In static routing, all routes for the destination will be required to configure manually. For the example, if 10.0.0.0/24 network wanted to communication with 172.16.11.0/24 and 192.168.11.0/24 networks than this destination network will be required to configure manually. Similar to sender end, receiver end is also required to configure will two network path manually in static routing configuration (Reese, 2019).

The processing power will not be consumed in this static routing because there is no need to process for the received packet from the PC of the network. The routers need only to forward that packet so that it can reach to the destination.

Fig.1 Static routing topology

As shown in fig.1 there are two routers which are connected with each other, using serial cable connection. There are total three networks are used in the topology to enable the internetworking. When this PC (10.0.0.2) request to communicate with 20.0.0.2 PC, the request will go to the router which is near to the 10.0.0.2, this this request will be forwarded to the 192.168.0.2 router from that it will finally reach to the destination device 20.0.0.2. To enable such type of communication, the following configuration is required to setup in the devices.

Device name/ interface	IP address
PC1	10.0.0.2
R1/ fa 0	10.0.0.1
R1 /serial 0/0	192.168.0.1
R2 /serial 0/0	192.168.0.2
R2/ fa 0	20.0.0.1
PC2	20.0.0.2

Table 1: IP address configuration

As per the table 1, IP address for each device in the figure 1 has been required to configure. Based on the IP address scheme, the static routing configuration can be given as below (Ben-Ameur and Żotkiewicz, 2013):

R1(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2

Here, 20.0.0.0 is destination network address and 192.168.0.2 is next hop address based on that the request will be forwarded.

Similar to R1, R2 router can be configured as below:

R1(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1

In the above command line, 10.0.0.0 is destination network for the 20.0.0.0/24 network. The next hop address will be 192.168.0.1 which is nothing but an IP address of serial interface from the R1.

After the above configuration, PC1 will be able to communication with P2 and PC2 will able to ping PC2. In all type of static routing, the AD value will be 1. This type of static routing configuration is recommended for the small network, but for the large network this type of configuration is not recommended.

Default Routing

In static routing there is requirement to specify route for each destination network. But if there is only one next hope address than default routing can be needful. As only single router entry is required to specify in the router configuration.

Fig.2: Default Routing Topology

As per the Fig.2 there are 4 router connected with each other. If PC1 wants to communicate with 20.0.0.2 IP or PC2 or PC3 than as per the static routing, there is requirement to specify the 3 routing path to enable the communication. As router with 10.0.0.1 has only one next hop address, it will be easy to conjured default routing (Free CCNA Study Guide, 2019) instead of static routing.

The configuration of the default routing can be given as per below:

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 20.0.0.1

In above command line of global configuration, 0.0.0.0 will specify the any destination network address. Another IP address 20.0.0.1 is next hop address and for the 10.0.0.1 router there is only one next hop address so, it is possible to configure the default routing for the router.  Similar to static routing there is no any requirement of process for fining the next hop address, so the performance will be better than the dynamic routing protocol.

Dynamic Routing

It is possible to have too many routers are present in the network. So, to specify each router manually will be time consuming process. So, for the larger network, configuration of static routing is not recommended (Academy, 2019). So, for the large network routing, routing using dynamic routing protocol is recommended. Routing protocol will find the best path among the available routes in the network based on the routing algorithm of the routing protocol.

There are two type of routing protocol mainly interior and exterior. The interior routing protocol will work on same autonomous system, while exterior routing protocols are design work for different Autonomous system.  BGP (border gate protocol) (Services et al., 2019) is only protocol which is design for the exterior routing application.

Distance Vector Routing Protocol

This routing protocol will work on distance and direction. I.e. if there is two routing path, one patch has 3 hopes and another path has 2 hops than router which is running on distance vector will select second path to send the packet from source to destination.

In this type of protocol, routing updates will be sending periodically (Cs.bu.edu, 2019). If there is change or not, the routing update will be distributed to the neighbours by distance vector routing protocol. These types of protocol are not designed for the huge network, but for the small network they can work effectively. There is no any option to defined security in this protocol.

Example of distance vector routing protocols are RIP and IGRP.

RIP

Routing information protocol is simple and very old routing protocol. This routing protocol is not recommended for the large network as it works on the hope count. If number of hope count goes beyond the 15 that packet will be dropped by the router is RIP is configured.  The AD value for this routing protocol is 120 (Support, Routing and TechNotes, 2019), so if another routing protocol was used along with RIP than select routing path will be not defined by RIP, it will be defined by another routing protocol which as lower AD value.

There are total two version of RIP, in which RIPv1; sub-netting is not supported so any sub-netted traffic will not work with RIPv1. To resolve that issue RIPv2 was developed that is supported to sub netted network.

In the configuration of RIP, connected network address will be required to specify. For the example if R1 is connected with 3 networks directly i.e. 10.0.0.0/24, 192.168.0.0/24 and 172.11.0.0/24 than rip configuration can be given as below:

R1(config)#router rip

R1(config-router)#version 2

R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0

R1(config-router)#network 172.11.0.0

Link State Routing Protocol

In distance vector routing protocol, updates will be sent periodically, this may lead to bandwidth utilization periodically. But in link state routing protocol, update will be sent to neighbour, if there any change in link state i.e. if neighbour is disconnected, neighbour is down etc. all member of routing protocol will have the topology table, with the help of that redundant path can be determined.

In case of link failure or intermediate hope is down, than this type of protocol will find another path efficiently and faster than distance vector routing protocol.

It is also possible to defined secure parameter in link state routing protocol. So, that only authenticate router can able to access the routing updated, and if there is any authentication mismatch than updates will be not shared with that router.

Due the above behaviour of link state routing protocol, the CPU utilization will be higher, but these routing protocols are able to handle the larger amount of traffic. Due to that this type of protocol are used in the internet for the effective routing.

The example of link state routing protocol is OSPF.

OSPF

It stands for open shortest path first. This protocol is link state routing protocol and it will work on Dijsktra algorithm to find the best path. In OSPF, all link or path will have cost value, and path which as total cost value to reach from source to destination will be selected as path for the sharing packets (dummies, 2019).

The configuration of OSPF is bit complex than the link state routing protocol; the syntax of OSPF for defining network can be given as below:

R1(config)# router ospf 30

(here 30 is process id in OSPF configuration and it can be any value 1-65535)

R1(config-router)# network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 20

(Here 192.168.0.0 is network address and 0.0.0.3 is wild card mask, area value is 20)

Area must be required to be same if there is not area border router, if there is any requirement to perform communication between 2 areas than there is requirement to configure stub area. So, both area will diffract area ID will be connected to area 0 to perform communication.

Conclusion

It will be very easy to configure routing in the network. But based on the requirement routing protocol or static routing can be chosen. In case of complex and large network, link state routing can be selected. For the single router topology in the network static routing is best. In case of medium size network, distance vector routing protocol with simple configuration can be used.

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