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Concept Map on Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

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Reference List

World Health Organisation. (2018). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

Cho, N., Shaw, J. E., Karuranga, S., Huang, Y., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Ohlrogge, A. W., & Malanda, B. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 138, 271-281

World Health Organisation. (2019). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes

International Diabetes Federation. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: 8th edition. Retrieved from https://www.diabetesatlas.org

Boles, A., Kandimalla, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2017). Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: epidemiological perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1863(5), 1026-1036.

Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Bourges-Rodriguez, H., & Polo-Oteyza, E. (2017). Prevention of diabetes in Mexico: pragmatic solutions for a complex problem. Nutrition Reviews, 75, 107–111.

Bhandari, P., & Kim, M. (2016). Self-Care Behaviors of Nepalese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Mixed Methods Analysis. Nursing Research, 65(3), 202–214.

Parajuli, J., Saleh, F., Thapa, N., & Ali, L. (2014). Factors associated with nonadherence to diet and physical activity among Nepalese type 2 diabetes patients; a cross sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 7, 758.

Gyawali, B., Neupane, D., Vaidya, A., Sandbæk, A., & Kallestrup, P. (2018). Community-based intervention for management of diabetes in Nepal (COBIN-D trial): study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19(1), 579.

Nepal Diabetes Association. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.nepaldiabetesassociation.com/research.php?fbclid=IwAR3YBXreelVy_Vy5FuipwSZn9WwAfW-5HBCrG-QRQ5VCIQlT3moMgSQ8FIY

Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Hu, F. B. (2016). Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circulation research, 118(11), 1723-1735.

Public health England. (2014). Adult obesity and type 2 diabetes. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/338934/Adult_obesity_and_type_2_diabetes_.pdf

Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(2), 88.

Kolb, H., & Martin, S. (2017). Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes. BMC medicine, 15(1), 131.

Bansal, D., Gudala, K., Muthyala, H., Esam, H. P., Nayakallu, R., & Bhansali, A. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care setting. Journal of diabetes investigation, 5(6), 714-721.

Berkowitz, S. A., Karter, A. J., Lyles, C. R., Liu, J. Y., Schillinger, D., Adler, N. E., Moffet, H.H., & Sarkar, U. (2014). Low socioeconomic status is associated with increased risk for hypoglycemia in diabetes patients: the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 25(2), 478.

Kelly, S. J., & Ismail, M. (2015). Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Annual review of public health, 36, 441-462.

Heraclides, A. M., Chandola, T., Witte, D. R., & Brunner, E. J. (2012). Work stress, obesity and the risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Gender‐specific bidirectional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity, 20(2), 428-433.

Miller, T. A., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2013). Importance of family/social support and impact on adherence to diabetic therapy. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy, 6, 421.

Verma, S., & Hussain, M. E. (2017). Obesity and diabetes: an update. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 11(1), 73-79.

Nuttall, F. Q. (2015). Body mass index: obesity, BMI, and health: a critical review. Nutrition today, 50(3), 117.

Cyril, S., Smith, B. J., & Renzaho, A. M. (2015). Systematic review of empowerment measures in health promotion. Health promotion international, 31(4), 809-826.

Alanzi, T. (2018). Role of Social Media in Diabetes Management in the Middle East Region: Systematic Review. Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 20(2), e58. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/10.2196/jmir.9190

Dan G., Tue Helms A., Annemarie V., Christine O., & Ingrid W. (2017). Involvement of family members in life with type 2 diabetes: Six interconnected problem domains of significance for family health identity and healthcare authenticity. SAGE Open Medicine. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/10.1177/2050312117728654

Raymaekers, K., Oris, L., Prikken, S., Moons, P., Goossens, E., Weets, I., & Luyckx, K. (2017). The Role of Peers for Diabetes Management in Adolescents and Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study. DIABETES CARE, 40(12), 1678–1684. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/10.2337/dc17-0643

Psaltopoulou, T., Ilias, I., & Alevizaki, M. (2010). The role of diet and lifestyle in primary, secondary, and tertiary diabetes prevention: a review of meta-analyses. The Review Of Diabetic Studies: RDS, 7(1), 26–35. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/10.1900/RDS.2010.7.26

Freeman, K., Hanlon, M., Denslow, S., & Hooper, V. (2018). Patient engagement in type 2 diabetes: a collaborative community health initiative. The Diabetes Educator, 44(4), 395-404.

Namadian, M., Presseau, J., Watson, M. C., Bond, C. M., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2016). Motivational, volitional and multiple goal predictors of walking in people with type 2 diabetes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 83-93.

Niebylski, M. L., Redburn, K. A., Duhaney, T., & Campbell, N. R. (2015). Healthy food subsidies and unhealthy food taxation: A systematic review of the evidence. Nutrition, 31(6), 787-795.

Rus, H. M., & Cameron, L. D. (2016). Health communication in social media: message features predicting user engagement on diabetes-related Facebook pages. Annals of behavioral medicine, 50(5), 678-689.

Landgraf, R. (2014). Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Diapedia. doi:https://doi.org/10.14496/dia.31040851213.14

Introduction

This assessment task 2 is mainly focused on health promotion on diabetes type 2 by creating concept map in a group of 5 students highlighting engagement, empowerment and motivation factors. All the group members participated to create concept map on type 2 diabetes and its promotion strategies relating with the assignment 1 which is a subject requirement of assessment 2. In this concept map, it is demonstrated that the incidence, prevalent, risk factors, cohort group, preventive and promotion measures which will be explained in following essay.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes type 2 is a type of disease in which body becomes resistant to use insulin or unable to produce insulin needed for the body resulting increase in sugar level with abnormal metabolic process in the body (WHO, 2018).There are various causes and risk factors for this disease condition which can be modifiable or non-modifiable(Zheng et al.,2018). Age and family heredity are the non-modifiable factors which cannot be modify (Zheng et al., 2018).Similarly, the factors which can be modify to prevent or control disease are physical, emotional stress and socioeconomic. lack of adequate physical activities and unbalanced diet leads to abnormal gain of weight with high BMI which can be included in physical factors to cause diabetes (Parajuli et al., 2014, & Nuttall, 2015).Likewise, low income generating and illiterate family has high risk of diabetes due to lack of knowledge (Berkowitz et al., 2014).In addition, stress is also another important factors and stress can be caused in low income family in which they cannot get enough balanced diet due to unable to afford it (Kelly et al., 2015 & Heraclides et al., 2012). Diabetes is found worldwide as a common problem with incidence 327 million with prevalence rate 8.5% (International Diabetes association (IDF), 2018).Likewise, with the increase rate of incidence prevalence ,there is 1.6 million of death with high morbidity in the world (Cho et al.,2018).Morbidity related complications can be organ failure such as neuropathy, heart failure, nephropathy and defect in retina which are contributing factors of disability and death(Bhupathiraju & Hu, 2016 , Public health England ,2014 & Bansal et al.,2014).) This disease conditions is mostly occurs at the age group between 20 to 64 years of age among them 20-25 years of age group people are targeted to prevent and promote the type 2 diabetes which needed the early intervention strategies ( WHO,2019 & IDF, 2018). Therefore, the above mentioned evidences suggests that it is necessary to prevent and promote the diabetes as it is a common problem in worldwide.

Health Promotion

There are various health promotion activities on diabetes among them three most important elements are motivation, engagement and empowerment which can contribute in effective outcome to prevent and control the disease. Empowerment helps clients to take decision independently and control themselves to care themselves for the prevention and treatment of diseases (Cyril et al., 2015). Similarly, engagement is a type of public involvement to understand the problems, causes and their accepted solutions by directly or indirect participation on different interventions (Freeman et al., 2018). Motivation is encouraging the people to change health behavior through psychological support, providing examples and giving message by mass Medias (Namadian et al., 2016). The prevention of diabetes can be undertaken through various strategies such as primary, secondary and tertiary for the individual, family and community (Nepal Diabetic association, 2018. Those prevention strategies can be implemented by using empowerment, engagement and motivation to the targeted people to aware them about diabetes.

The important element of health promotion is empowerment which can be undertaken by providing educations and effective government policies for the risk targeted population as primary prevention. Health education to the individual, family and community is the most important to prevent and control diabetes as early intervention among people age group 20-25 through free health education campaign in community people (Gyawali et al., 2018 & Nepal diabetic association,2018). Health education on causes, signs and symptoms, complications regarding diabetes provide awareness among people so that it helps to take decision to care themselves to prevent disease as well as complications in future which is primary prevention intervention ( Bhandari & Kim ,2016). Likewise, government policies such as increases in market and production price in high sugar containing food which empower people to avoid such food which directly helps in prevention of diabetes (Salinas et al., 2017). Those educational interventions makes the people empower to self-decision for healthy lifestyle such as balance diet , involve in physical activities and avoid junk food which contain high sugar and salt leading prevention and control of diabetes (Nepal diabetes association, 2018 & Psaltopoulou et al., 2010). Similarly, another important element of health promotion is engagement which includes involvement of individual, family and community in health education programs through health care provider (Grabowski et al., 2017). Health service provider can contribute in people engagement through being volunteer to participate them for the early screening, physical examination, and risk assessment by organizing campaign which includes in secondary prevention (Gyawali et al., 2018 & Selph et al., 2015). Motivation strategie includes attract the people to follow and accept the health promotional activities in their daily life. It includes telling experience on diabetes (Raymaekers et al., 2017), advertisements on social medias (Rus & Cameron, 2016) and encourage from family memebers to implement healthy behaviours for each member of that family (Psaltopoulou et al., 2010). Finally, tertiary prevention can be done by rehabilitation and treatment process to prevent further complications (Landgraf, 2014).

Conclusion

Diabetes mellitus (type 2) is a challenging disease in developing as well as developed country which needs special strategies to prevent and control by motivating, empowering and engaging people. The concept map is developed by demonstrating prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and cohort group and health promotion activities by engaging, motivating and empowering the targeted population who includes in vulnerable group. The concept map and its explanation is related to the assessment 1 and assessment 3 will also link with 1 and 2 with presenting a video showing diabetes prevention strategies for the targeted group as mentioned in assessment 1 and 2.

Reference List

Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Bourges-Rodriguez, H., & Polo-Oteyza, E. (2017). Prevention of diabetes in Mexico: pragmatic solutions for a complex problem. Nutrition Reviews, 75, 107–111.

Boles, A., Kandimalla, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2017). Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: epidemiological perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1863(5), 1026-1036.

Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Hu, F. B. (2016). Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circulation research, 118(11), 1723-1735.

Bhandari, P., & Kim, M. (2016). Self-Care Behaviors of Nepalese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Mixed Methods Analysis. Nursing Research, 65(3), 202–214

Cyril, S., Smith, B. J., & Renzaho, A. M. (2015). Systematic review of empowerment measures in health promotion. Health promotion international, 31(4), 809-826.

Dan G., Tue Helms A., Annemarie V., Christine O. & Ingrid W. (2017). Involvement of family members in life with type 2 diabetes: Six interconnected problem domains of significance for family health identity and healthcare authenticity. SAGE Open Medicine. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/10.1177/2050312117728654

International Diabetes Federation. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: 8th edition. Retrieved from https://www.diabetesatlas.org

Kolb, H., & Martin, S. (2017). Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes. BMC medicine, 15(1), 131.

Kelly, S. J., & Ismail, M. (2015). Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Annual review of public health, 36, 441-462.

Landgraf, R. (2014). Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Diapedia. doi:https://doi.org/10.14496/dia.31040851213.14

Miller, T. A., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2013). Importance of family/social support and impact on adherence to diabetic therapy. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy, 6, 421.

Nepal Diabetes Association. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.nepaldiabetesassociation.com/research.php?fbclid=IwAR3YBXreelVy_Vy5FuipwSZn9WwAfW-5HBCrG-QRQ5VCIQlT3moMgSQ8FIY

Niebylski, M. L., Redburn, K. A., Duhaney, T., & Campbell, N. R. (2015). Healthy food subsidies and unhealthy food taxation: A systematic review of the evidence. Nutrition, 31(6), 787-795.

Selph, S., Dana, T., Blazina, I., Bougatsos, C., Patel, H., & Chou, R. (2015). Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of internal medicine, 162(11), 765-776.
World Health Organisation. (2018). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

World Health Organisation. (2019). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes
Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(2), 88.

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