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Introduction:

In today’s world, in the pool of needs and securities of technological communications, telecommunications play an important role in catering the primary requirements. It has long been conquered by information technology in the field of mass communication, and beyond. Telecommunication technology is well known through long distance communication, television, radio, satellite, computer networking, phones, etc. These technologies reside primarily in our daily lives while we take up on every interactive work on our list. Likewise, they are in high demand and their wide variations come cheaper for an easier access for the public. We can create a connection even in the isolated areas in the world by communicating our voice, images, data, etc. These technologies hold a serious spot in workplaces, with offices or any organizations dealing their motifs through every bit of communication technology.

One of the basic ways to communicate is through phones. Phones are generally preferred handy, for daily use, including some major inventions for organizational purposes too. Like we have our standard phones or simply mobiles for our household, or familiar purposes while the institutional communications and satellite communications are conducted through standard or landline phones, satellite phones, fax telecommunication system, radio broadcasting system, television, or computer networking. Since the phone is brought to view, it is important to state that with developed time, phone has also been modernized with multiple features to collaborate along with daily requirements. Not just office or any organization, phones are immensely useful for security issues too. Investors put their hands on these technologies, based on the telecommunication facilities available in regions. The more is the demand; the investors are likely to invest in them.

This topic bases on the setup of a call between a home phone and a phone supported by any one of the technologies like, DSL, Cable, Fiber, or Cellular system. Accordingly, we would also come across its completion process and how it is cut down. What we need to keep in mind is, the instructor using the home phone is on a two-wire analog connection, situated 10Kms away from his host central office.

Goals and Objectives:

To be accurate of what is given above, the instructor is using an official phone system of two-line or two-wire. This system goes into the multi-line category often used for business purposes like, facsimile functions, voice mails, internet; etc. The phone used by the other person is constituted with technologies like, DSL, Fiber, Cable, Cellular system. Basically, he is using a telephone, for reference. So, we need to discuss some points as given below—

1. Firstly, we need to understand how the 2-wire analog connection and the modern technologies work.
2. Secondly, if a call is made between them, what is the mechanism of that process?
3. We need to categorize each technological aspect in relation with the home phone to get a better idea of what is beneficial.
4. Our focus would be on how the process is completed.
5. Lastly, the discussion would end with a cut-down analysis.

Technologies Available:

Like we discussed earlier we have some of the engaging technologies already listed. Each one is regular in demand for modern works and plays its part in creating a bridge to meet every subject. It would be easier if we consider them separately.

1. DSL – Originally known as Digital Subscriber Loop, DSL constitutes of technologies used in transmission of digital data, concluding the telephone lines. It is commonly known as Digital Subscriber Line while, an Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is majorly related to telecommunication market. ADSL is the regular internet accessing DSL technology. Plain Old Telephone Service or Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS) can be combined with the residing telephone services to get a DSL service because higher frequency bands are needed for DSL to acquire data. However, to block any combined service of voice and DSL, DSL filter is used on non-DSL platforms, especially for customers. Since, the interference from high-frequencies can create such disturbances. For customers, DSL service depends on its technology, condition of its lines and how its applied in services. Its range is from 250Kbit/s to 100Mbit/s. Moreover, it can go up to 1Gbit/s.

Along with DSL and ADSL we have another classification which is, SDSL. Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), provides equal data services for both the customer and service provider. Its only at the Bell Labs, that researchers have come up with a speed of 1Gbit/s for SDSL. They used old copper lines of telephone to create it. This service works by connecting the telephones to the telephone exchange through a local tail or subscriber line. It is also known as local loop, created to transmit speech from the range of 300 to 3400Hz of an audio frequency. The transmission of data through the subscriber line was established, once the long-distance turnings were being converted to digital from analog. This gave birth to DSL. This subscriber line can carry frequencies over 3400KHz while the telephone exchange is connected to many subscribers. This range increases, based on the quality and length of the subscriber line. Channels ranging from 10 to 100 KHz is created by DSL, prior to the channel configuration while, ADSL ranges up to 1.1MHz. It is then followed by a check in usability for every channel similarly as an analog modem.

The acquired channels based on their usability, are categorized into two frequency bands, one for service provider and the other for customer. These channels are portrayed into different directions once coupled together into virtual circuits. Rest is handled by DSL in checking on every channel’s condition and removing them if required. Following the setup of this procedures people can opt for an internet service provider, MPLS (assigned to corporate issues), and so on. DSL modems vary higher frequencies, ranging from 4000Hz to 4MHz, if suitable. A wired telephone service and a DSL service can work together in a single copper pair, once the frequency bands are segregated. To prevent any awkward sound at the customers end, low-pass filters are arranged in line in every telephone. This blocks high-frequencies which are responsible to cover voice frequencies under them. DSL signal does not go with load coil, which is in working condition and adequately set up. But the voice services rely on these coils completely. Thus, because of this case area which cover DSL service are neglected. Small implementations like at home or small-office, are done with low frequencies. The facsimile systems and analog modems work, combining the wires with DSL.

Fig (1): DSL communication methodology

2. Telephone Cable–Telephone line requires a transmission system which is constituted of telephone cable. Telephone cable is a way of transmitting frequency waves from one place to another while carrying data. Basically, materials like copper wires are needed for transmission because they act as conductors in this procedure. They need minute detailing while being manufactured and are shielded with PCVs to prevent any hemorrhage. They are extremely delicate with easy destruction tendencies. PVCs prohibit any kind of damp or impairment from occurring to it.

Generally, while choosing a telephone cable we first look at, what it is needed for. Like, we require a telephone cable to block any sound interference in a loud audio system. Thus, to block the interference from directly hampering the cable, it should have sufficient conductive coating on it. Again, we should also take care of whether the telephone cable is going to be applied outside or inside when choosing one. The telephone cables are manufactured in a wide range, of which, the British Telecom and European Standards own their telephone cables separately. Telephone cables ranging from 90m to 180m, manufactured by Standard Electricals are known for their best facilities like, performance, and non-stop communication.

A Registered Jack (RJ) is telecommunication network platform where all the telephone cables are connected. Registered Jacks are of various types of which the jacks in common are RJ11, RJ14, and RJ25. Amongst them the one in high demand is RJ11. RJ11 is an electrical connector used for creating a connection of cords and cables to various electrical appliances. This connector is used in single-line telephone system and mostly at home and office.

Fig (2): cable system communication

3. Fiber –In telecommunication, fiber is known in the form of fiber-optic. Comprising of innumerable optical fibers, one optical receiver and various amplifiers, this is typically favored by the modern industries. Optical fiber is used in communicating through the transmission of data from one point to another. It sends infrared light pulses through its structure. A frequency carrier wave is constructed by the light travelling through optical fiber which is developed to carry data. Fiber is mostly preferred than electric cable because it has the capability to work with large bandwidths, its enduring in longer distances, and helpful in case of radio frequency interferences, and so on. The communication through fiber-optic conducts transmission of audio and video, and remote telecommunications through local area networks, or at long distances.

Optical fiber has rapidly grown its popularity amongst telecommunication markets. It is used in the transmission of telephone signals from even an isolated area to an area in demand. Optical fiber is also used in spreading internet connection and getting cable signals for television, worldwide. Now, the optical signal is first created through electrical processing and circulating the signal throughout the fiber to check if the signal is breaking or not. After that, the optical signal is received, and electrical signal is formed. Basically, an optical transmitter is worked in converting the electric signal into optical signal.

Fig (3): Fiber networking visualization

4. Cellular Network – This is also known as mobile network, which is spread across subjected areas known as cells. In a cellular network, the formation of last link requires no wire. Transceiver, located at a single point supports this network. Generally, three cellular base stations and base transceiver stations also support the cellular network. For transmission network coverage is needed and that is provided by these base stations. Transmission of audio and video, raw information, followed by so many, is carried out in this process. Since a lot of cells are situated across a region, one cell interacts with the frequencies from other cells to not let any interference from disrupting the quality service. These cells are powerful enough to cover a large area with radio waves, once combined. Through this phenomenon multiple portable devices like smartphones, tablets, modems, can have a communication with each other and with devices like telephones

Cellular network has more capacity relating to the functions of all the cells in an area. For the time, multiple links are in separate cells, they can work with a single frequency. Availability of towers leads to less usage of power in mobile gadgets in comparison with a single transmitter. Since, the addition of cell sites is not restricted in number; cellular networks cover a large geographical area than a single transmitter on land. Taking the wide advantages of cellular networks and telecommunication providers have already filled our lands with many. This gets the communication and transmission of data through mobile devices, computer networks, and telephones, easier. The cellular networks are also expanded into private networks, used for organizational purposes.

Fig (4): Cellular network

Implementations:

As per the previous discussions, it is clear of how the technologies mentioned above work. Now, it is time we move further into their implementations to help us guide in setting up a call through these technologies.

1. Setting up a call between a home phone and a phone supported by DSL –

• Get the DSL modem connected to the Voice over IP box adapter.
• Connect the computer to the adapter box.
• We need to install the software from Voice over IP provider.
• Now, do as needed by the VoIP provider, including the conformation of the telephone number.
• For communicating, get the microphone and speaker connected to the handset.
• Take up the soft phone in the computer to make telephone calls.

2. Setting up a call between a home phone and a phone supported by Cable –

• Check the location a call is to be made to since, it differs in categories like international call, local call, or more than one code for area.
• Take the phone the call is to be made from and look for the dialer tone.
• Now, make a call by dialing the numbers.

3. Setting up a call between a home phone and a phone supported by Fiber –

• Take the phone a call is to be made with.
• For local calls dial up a 7-digit number.
• For calls to be made outside of the locality, dial (1) in addition with the three-digit area code, followed by the 7-digit number.
• For international calls dial up 001 in addition with the country code and the phone number.

4. Setting up a call between a home phone and a phone supported by cellular network –

• We need a cellular docking station to connect to the cell phone.
• Switch on the docking station and connect it to the phone using an adapter or Bluetooth service.
• Now, the docking station needs to be connected to a cordless phone, for a two-line call answering.
• By selecting the cellular option, make a call from the home phone.

Integrated Technologies of CLOUD:

CLOUD integration is a platform where organizations can connect distinct systems. When the data is combined with Cloud services, it makes way for many devices to handle that from afar. The opportunity to set the work systems into Cloud applications has brought a huge privilege amongst businessmen. The companies can vividly look after their data and information to improve their functionality, further.

Cloud integration was invented with the motif to provide an easier platform to the businesses, so that problems like data communication inabilities, poor connectivity, and so on, could be improved. All the Cloud based applications can come together in this process to work with one information at one place. Cloud is now known for SaaS, which is Software as a Service solution. The more is the SaaS demand, the popularity for Cloud integration would also increase. Cloud integration is highly efficient in operation, while increasing the flexibility. It provides appropriate internal communication. The customer service is improved by this method and the costs and revenues are quite low.

The Cloud integration can be classified into two categories, which are Data integration and Application integration. Data integration is the organization of data between storages. While the integration process, data is sent through processing and is developed too. As we know from this, this a complete data connection.

Whereas, Application integration is a connection between various applications. It provides functionality and assures which system is ready to be used. This requires public consents since, Application integration is not just limited to data sharing. Once in operation, it requires personal interactions for a business program.

Businesses can create their own integration platforms or opt for a third-party setup to come up with Cloud integrations. But Cloud integration can get complex with the increase of applications, resulting into low accessibility.

Setting up a call using Cloud phone –

• Get an IP phone.
• Connect it to the computer or laptop. A soft phone in a smart phone can also be used.
• Now make a call from the Cloud phone system.

Fig (5): Cloud integration in communication technology

Conclusion:

After going through the analysis, it is quite favorable to opt for a cellular network to make a call. Since, it falls into our daily practice and is in demand, so it is better to complete our work through a cellular network. Rest of the technologies play an important role in telecommunication and service providing, but demand generally comes from the accessibility of a certain product or platform. We don’t need much effort as is need for the other options.

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