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Abstract

The aim of this study is addressing an ideal design is to reduce the noise in EEG in a more practical EEG signal acquisition. These considerations are both important both to the system designers and users. The main thing that determines the level of noise produced by the EEG acquired is mainly affected by the choice of the correct design strategy or correct electrode for the electronic circuity front which is in the initial front end and it plays a very important role in ensuring that the system performance measures. Taking into consideration of the design and the pitfalls of the biopotential system of measurement and recording session a clearer and better accuracy conditions are created. IN EEG system electronics and recording electrodes includes the signal conversion, filtering, environmental conditions and data storing effects the performance of recording. In this study EEG system design that reduces the level of noise produced by the EEG both from internal and external sources are considered. The main focus is to obtain a EEG that produces lesser noise.

Table of Contents

• Abstract
  1. Background
  2. EEG Design
  3. The Appropriateness and Safety of EEG
  4. Assumption and Limitation of EEG
• References

1. Background

Continuous brain activity monitoring is an essential activity in learning the neural substrates of the pathological and physiological functioning of the brain. The noisy nature and low amplitude of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals make it difficult to detect these brain functioning. Due to the noisy EEG properties, a very low noise amplifier instrumentation is required to amplify the EEG signals. In this procedure, electrodes are placed on the patient’s scalp. In this process also, a large number of wire connected to a computer that is connected to a rack of amplifiers instrumentations are connected to the computer. In this case, the patient becomes very uncomfortable when this procedure is performed on them. EEG technology since its founding in 1929 it gives a chance to develop a more sophisticated acquisition system that is mainly for the scientific researchers and clinic medical needs. This technology is related to the electrical signals that are generated by the human brain called the EEG signals which are in relation to how the human body functions. The signals transmitted by the human brain are less than 100 V and 1000 Hz. The signals can easily be measured by the electrodes that are placed noninvasively on the human scalp. Due to the composition of the skull, they have a very low amplitude. This makes the measurement of EEG to be more difficult as compared to other noninvasive measurements of bio signal such as electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and electrooculogram among other tests. In this case, developing or acquiring a more expensive bio-signal is not a guarantee of getting the right signal measurement from the EEG. To develop or acquire a good EEG with less noise recording sessions and new designs are a major factor to consider. Therefore, this paper aims at acquiring the ideal design is to reduce the noise in EEG (Mihajlović et al., 2017).

The major factor in EEG is the electronic noise which to a great extent is important the measurement of the bio-signal. External and internal sources caused the electronic noise theinternal noise comes from the thermal produces by the components that are resistive, a flicker which is produced by the contact pins, shot caused by the diffusion and the semiconductor holes and lastly the popcorn like sound caused by the semiconductors impurities. These are the major internal sources of the noise. The major external noise in EEG is caused by the interference with the power-line. The noise which is produced in the procedure is clearly seen in the analysis of spectral at between 50 Hz (or 60 Hz). TO effectively extract precise bio signals from the electronic noise in the methods requires efficient noise. For this purpose, the digital and analog filtration is needed.

2. EEG Design

Electrodes elements that are used in the initial recording of bio-signal. They are used in the conversion of the biopotential signals because of their measurement of biopotential signals. EEG electrodes are produced as disc, cup-shaped, microelectrode or needle which are basically made of metal. Their main purpose is to measure the potential of intra-cortex. AgCl saturates quickly and reaches equilibrium because Ag is a salt that is slightly soluble. This makes Ag (Silver) the best metal to make the skin-surface metallic electrodes. The accuracy of the EEG measurements is affected by the electrode chosen for the metallic skin-surface.

i) Choice of sensor

EEG system mainly should be designed to provide signal inputs with high signal-to-noise and low distortion ration of 32 CH. This design should be in accordance with IFCN standards which includes the 8 CH dual-pole and 24 CH single-pole measurements. This device uses a DRL as a reference point. These include the eyes signals that are associated with the eye movement and EMG. Physiological signals are measured with symmetrical characteristics. In the case of the EEG, system design does not show the external interference and body vibration during the measuring, mainly in the verification of the signal correctness. This EEG is designed using a Rail-to-Rail trait that is designed to be operated using a supply of a single power. This system designs an analog and digital design of the system. The general framework configuration embraces Rail-to-Rail trademark, worked under a solitary power-supply, which comprises of simple framework plan and computerized framework design (Goel, Kaur, G., & Tomar, 2015).

Choice of IC for the simple computerized converter is the primary thought, wherein the bits will affect the accuracy of the simple advanced converter. In the standard EEG framework, the IFCN requires converter with no less than 12-bit determination which can show no less than 0.5 μVchange. Since the location voltage scope of this framework is from 0 to 5 V, the simple computerized converterwith16-bit determination can be embraced, which has sufficient channels culmination time, guaranteeing no misfortunes of signs. As specified in the simple framework, simple advanced transformation circuit embraces the examining recurrence of 500 examples/s with the primary reason being alluded in a simple framework, which guarantees filtering the signs with recurrence after 200 Hz. In the meantime, as indicated by the examining hypothesis together with considering parts’ blunder and situations and different variables, the inspecting recurrence is set to 500 examples/s. It is conceivable to accomplish the voltage of the base piece to demonstrate the weakening signs after 200 Hz won’t affect the first flags. At the point when the magnification at the front-end is 1000times, the littlest show unit can be gotten as 15.2 which can’t be extricated by the simple advanced converter since it is too little. Be that as it may, the framework requires the signs of 100 Hz and the simple computerized converter will remove the signs inside 200 Hz, in this manner the extricated signs will be filtered again to accomplish the objective signs. With respect to the converter itself, despite the fact that the pickup empowers to futile bits, it likewise amplifies the clamor during the time spent amplification, for this situation, the higher piece can show signs of improvement signals. In this framework, motion to-commotion proportion (SNR) is up to 96 dB, demonstrating that the simple computerized converter can give high precision.Based on the past contemplations, the framework adoptsADI which is a 16-bit converter and can give change rate of 4 μS(Elsayed, Zaghloul, & Bayoumi, 2017).

ii) Signal Conditioning

The computerized circuit predominantly utilizes DSP-IC-incorporated control; notwithstanding the prerequisite of satisfactory I/O control ports in determination for utilizing, the preparing speed should likewise consent to the framework. EEG arrangement is chosen for the framework, which has85 advanced I/O ports and quick figuring limit of 80 MHz and also UART yield. To start with, instate DSP IC containing the framework recurrence and the UART port and send to DSP end throughUART port after the channels and magnification are set by the clients at the PC end (Yaul,  & Chandrakasan, 2017).

3. The Appropriateness and Safety of EEG

In the MR scanner the recording of the EEG an important safety issue is raises. There is a risk of the introduction of ferromagnetic related materials into the scanner. Changing the fields with the currents induced using the electrodes creates a high risk to the patients due to the excess current heating produced by the heads of the electrodes. These also increases the chances of the noise produced by this EEG. The aim of this study was to design a EEG that has less impact a controlled noise that is produced in the procedure. The reduction of this noise is therefore seen to be relevant in ensuring that the EEG design increases the validity of the data collected during this procedure. The design that reduces noise in the EEG procedure helps the process in ensuring that the procedure is well followed and the right safety measures are taken into considerations when designing the system. The monitoring of brain activities is an essential part of learning the neural substrates of the pathological and physiological functioning of the brain. The noisy nature and low amplitude of electroencephalogram signals make it difficult to detect these brain functioning. The noisy EEG properties makes a very low noise amplifier instrumentation to amplify the EEG signals. In this procedure, electrodes are placed on the patient’s scalp. A large number of wire connected to a computer that is connected to a rack of amplifiers instrumentations are connected to the computer. The patient becomes very uncomfortable when this procedure is performed on them. EEG technology since its founding it gives a chance to develop a more sophisticated acquisition system that is mainly for the scientific researchers and clinic medical needs. This technology is related to the electrical signals that are generated by the human brain called the EEG signals which are in relation to how the human body functions. The signals transmitted by the human brain are less than 100 V and 1000 Hz. The signals can easily be measured by the electrodes that are placed noninvasively on the human scalp. Due to the composition of the skull, they have a very low amplitude. This makes the measurement of EEG to be more difficult as compared to other noninvasive measurements of bio signal such as electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and electrooculogram among other tests. In this case, developing or acquiring a more expensive bio-signal is not a guarantee of getting the right signal measurement from the EEG. To develop or acquire a good EEG with less noise recording sessions and new designs are a major factor to consider. It is important to acquire the ideal design is to reduce the noise in EEG. The principal safety of this system is relevant in creating a force that exerts a ferromagnetic material. To ensure this a combination of gold, silver chloride, combination of silver, conductive plastic and carbon to be used for the scalp recording, and platinum/iridium for intracerebral recording. In coming up with this design a high level of care should be observed to ensure a ferromagnetic material recording. A high level of care to remove cases of ferromagnetic material in the items of ancillary such as amplifier connectors and electrode caps. In this case it’snot advisable to use the stainless sphenoidal electrode for the safety reasons. In the design the Carbon leads also reduce the high levels of the magnetic artefacts in the design system. This is achieved by use of computational simulations to test and eases the EED electrode safety and interactions in a relatively new validation combination before a particular design (Chen,Lin, & Pan, 2015).

4. Assumption and Limitation of EEG

EEG limitation is bit by bit being routed to a specific degree. For instance, littler EEG apparatuses, for example, EmotiveEpic and Neurons are the basic specifies as reasonable devices and ordinarily being utilized for client encounter considers. Emotive EEG apparatus is the one acquired by the University of Oulu and an initiator of this investigation also. We have to hold up under at the top of the priority list that despite the fact that these gadgets are less expensive, they include some significant pitfalls of a less solid information exactness and uproarious signs than those gadgets utilized as a part of clinical applications. Mind wave headsets as cheap, off-the-rack gadgets that make ready for inescapable EEG motioning in savvy home situations. They considered the capability of utilizing the headsets as potential gadgets for tending to the difficulties of the Internet of Things (IoT) and patterns of continuous EEG flagging accessibility.

They suggest that the mix of such devices of network and EEG flagging could help improving the Ambient Intelligence approach. The specify here is to approve the endeavors and upgrades made to address the value confinement issues. Another impediment of PM instruments is their intricacy and the subsequent requirement for skill. The many-sided quality level fluctuates crosswise over devices and their applications, and the predetermined number of studies led is moreover an impression of its many-sided quality. EEG, for example, is considered to have a tremendous potential as an immediate measure of mind action with a brilliant transient determination. In any case, notwithstanding the cerebrum movement, there are exercises perused, that are started by different causes than the jolt, for example, flag varieties because of a flicker of an eye. In like manner, different systems of examination, for example, Independent Component Analysis (ICA) are expected to recognize occasions that happen because of a jolt. ERPs should be produced through smoothing out the undesirable flags by averaging a few trials of a solitary account (Bhagat et al., 2016).

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